Adapt or Dye: Tumor Microenvironment, A Powerful Regulator of Cancer Progression
María Apellániz-Ruiz and Zafira Castaño
Tidal Waves – Te YRAST States In Near-Spherical Nuclei
Yingqiong Gu
Tissue Engineering the Thymus and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Matthew J. Tomlinson
The Mediation of Hepatic Lipogenesis Through Estrogens
Colette N. Miller, Mary Anne Della-Fera, Clifton A. Baile
Metformin: The ‘multitasker’
Lathika Mohanraj
Teacher Evaluation and Value-Added: Do Different Models Give Us the Same Answer?
Guodong Liang
A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Silica Grow Round
Sarah Ratcliffe and Paul Curnow
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Author(s)
María Apellániz-Ruiz and Zafira Castaño
Address
1Spanish National Cancer, Research Center, Madrid, Spain
2Hematology Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Abstract: Tumorigenesis is a complex multistep process in which a plethora of tumor and stromal cells play important roles. From this point of view, the biology of a tumor can be elucidated by focusing on the crosstalk between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, comprised by stromal cells of different origins. Several lines of evidence demonstrate essential contributions of tumor stromal cells, which influence the growth, survival, invasiveness, and metastatic ability of neoplastic epithelial cells within these tumors. This review describes the role of the microenvironment during tumor progression, and suggests possible new therapeutic avenues.
Author(s)
Yingqiong Gu
Address
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
Abstract: The new concept of nuclear tidal waves allows one to calculate the sequence of states with maximal angular momentum (yrast states). These states correspond to a surface wave running around the nucleus as tidal waves run over the earth's oceans. Such a wave corresponds to a static deformation in the rotating frame of reference, which allows one to calculate its properties by means of the microscopic cranking model. There exists a large group of transitional nuclei that show a behavior between harmonic vibration and rotation, a description of which has been a long-standing challenge to nuclear theory. The new concept of nuclear tidal waves allows one to calculate the sequence of states with maximal angular momentum (yrast states)..................
Author(s)
Matthew J. Tomlinson
Address
Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
Abstract: Tissue engineering is making great strides to repair disease and damage in a wide range of tissues, many of which are high profile and well documented. However, the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs are tissues which have not received significant attention from the research community but are nonetheless important targets for tissue engineering based therapies. These organs are fundamental in developing and maintaining the mammalian immune system and create environments for antigen screening and pathogen removal. This review discusses the function of these organs.............
Author(s)
Colette N. Miller, Mary Anne Della-Fera, Clifton A. Baile
Address
1Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; 2Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
Abstract: Estrogens have been shown to protect against various diseases and disastrous metabolic consequences of poor diets. Although a large body of research demonstrates estrogen’s ability to control food intake, adipogenesis, and oxidative stress, research regarding the effects of estrogens on hepatic lipogenesis, steatosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is only now accumulating. Estrogen deficiency in both human and rodent models directly results in the upregulation of hepatic lipogenic signaling - in both serum and hepatic triglyceride content - which leads to the development of fatty liver. In all models, estrogen replacement completely reverses these outcomes. Similar to the endogenous estrogen hormone, plant-derived phytoestrogens also appear to have beneficial effects related to prevention of hepatic lipogenic signaling and steatosis in rodent models. Additionally,......................
Author(s)
Lathika Mohanraj
Address
Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
Abstract: Metformin was the first drug synthesized to reduce the blood sugar levels, but was overshadowed by the advent of insulin and other drugs. Today, metformin is the primary drug prescribed for the effective treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome (1). Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis through AMP-K dependent regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP) and the expression of gluconeogenic genes (2). It also increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle (3). Metformin performs it role as an anti-hypergycemic modulator by suppressing hepatic glucose output, and...................
Author(s)
Guodong Liang
Address
1Community Training & Assistance Center, 30 Winter St, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
Abstract: Teacher evaluation plays a key role in enhancing teachers’ effectiveness, promoting professional learning, and making personnel decisions in the United States and around the world (e.g., Liang, 2013). In addition to Student Learning Objectives (SLOs), an effective tool in evaluating teachers who do not teach subjects or grades that are assessed with state assessments (Slotnik & Smith, 2004, 2013), in recent years, value-added models (VAMs) have become a leading candidate for estimating individual teachers’ contribution to student achievement and growth on state standardized tests. However, there are concerns on such key issues as the reliability and validity of VAMs. Empirical studies have shown that teacher ratings with VAMs are highly instable and can vary significantly across time, classes, and even tests (Lockwood et al., 2007; Loeb & Candelaria, 2013; Newton, Darling-Hammond, Haertel, & Thomas, 2010).....
Author(s)
Sarah Ratcliffe and Paul Curnow
Address
School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
Abstract: Diatoms are single-celled aquatic algae that are involved in approximately one-fifth of photosynthesis globally and fix as much carbon as all of Earth’s rainforests combined. One reason for this evolutionary success is that diatoms live within the confines of an intricate outer cell wall composed mainly of silica. Diatoms have been called ‘nature’s nanotechnologists’ because they arrange these cell walls into spectacular nano-sized patterns. How diatoms create this intricate ‘glass house’ is not well understood, but it seems clear that there is a central role for organic macromolecules such as sugars and proteins in regulating and coordinating this process.......
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